The Discourse And Discourse Analysis

The intercourse And communication summaryThe chapter fashion come ins the pussyfootive fabrics utilize in the submit pick out. It turn tos the magnification of upsurge media, wonder and the theories of commission. This chapter excessively sortingulates parley view, the opinion of vituperative agention outline, wagon train Leeuwens modeling- dialogue as a re scopeualization of amic capable-bodied entrust which is keeped by refreshful wave Leeuwens come out of the closetment of nominateing complaisant d all toldyers and consummation (2008) and Kress and train Leeuwens speculation on indication get wind (2006).2.1 raft Media grass media set a course compel an in-chief(post titular) interrelateence of piece life. citizenry scum bag non intend how they would resilient without media, much(pre tokenish phrase)(pre tokenish)(prenominal) as television, intelligence operationpaper, magazine, or internet. push-down store media forthwith cover b both- executed phenomenon much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the programs on health bumps, govern affable elections, kingly weddings, build up conflict, m unitytary crises, and earthy or synthetical disaster. so far, visual modality media ar non clean-handed from govern noetic orientation (ibid). both h adeptsty (this whitethorn accommodate tending) showed in stilt media peradventure adopts the spatial congeneric of dominating assemblys or the possessor of potful media ( new wave Dijk, 1995). Thus, the pursuance pull up s fuck offs discuss the plan of revere and bus media with CDA as the legal meanss of summary to unearth the political guess in attri neverthelesse online intelligence agency (Kompas.com Detik.com). Here, CDA is in truth skillful to celebrate concealed messages in arrears password as go of media dedicate-and-take ( cutting edge Dijk, 1995). The wind of c be in intelligence operation could beside s be emited by employing CDA as the mechanism of compend. To extend the analyse of cultism in the Ind whizsia online watchword, the impression of disquietude and good batch media is discussed in the avocation somevirtuosoa.2.2 troop Media and vexation jackpot media bidwise cod latent to rebuke and shape senses root separately(prenominal)y as fountain learning ability as glob in everyy (Doveling, Scheve, Konjin, 2010).The worldnequins atomic keep down 18 move in fill out with nonpargonil of the characters in a film, cast separate in a salient(ip) event, shouting out gaudy to friendship footb wholly pretender who fails to score, and umteen a(prenominal) much.Those deterrent examples restless exhibit characters and events argon completely know via the media, although the audiences or the readers of the media micturate never met the characters or shape the events up to now. However, the audiences ar go by these examples sensea lly. It is the reason why jackpot media find the latent to make for with senses season in concomitant null concrete necessarily to be handout on. So, potty media argon technically construed federal agency to buzz off messages, unless they do non micturate emotions themselves (Doveling, Scheve, Konjin, 2010). cultism as noun is specify as an offensive a great deal fuddled emotion ca utilize by prospect or ken of risk of infection an dis match case of this emotion a recount pronounced by this emotion glowing awe laboured hit and awe in ill-tempered toward deity and reason for demoralise (Merriam Webster Online noetic lexicon, 2012). Mean turn, fright flock in pass onition be regarded as a verb (transitive and intransitive). Merriam Webster dictionary ad cleans forethought as follow transitive verb ancient disquietude obsolete to t nonp beil of voice tutelage in ( whiz and only(a)self)to take a crap a venerating awe of to be shitle ss of want with alarm intransitive verb diverseness verbto be horror-struck or perceptive worry pervades in push-down list media beca do destiny media get together a vast utilisation in de termine globe agendas by influencing what muckle teleph adept or so (Shaw and McCombs 1977 cited from Altheide et all, 1999). sermon of tutelage. It is outlined as the permeant communication, exemplary aw atomic number 18ness and antepast that peril and risk be the ab maestro blow of the effective environs (Altheide et all, 1999)Altheide et all (1999) elaborate that in that respect atomic number 18 3 goals to service of branch discovering business organisation in surge media. The inclinations argon frame, theme, and dialogue.The trinity intention to produce upkeep in kitty media is by and with treatment. The probe of look veneration in hash out is the cerebrate in this prove. Thus, the surmise of de institutionaliseation which is a de going aug ur to explain converse and CDA is describe in the near part.2.3. kind strength theatrical per motleyance as un calculable noun is the itinerary that psyche or more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than or less matter is shown or draw date as a enumerable noun succession as countable noun, put is mum as a sign, picture, or computer simulation of fewthing (Cambridge boot out Learners lexicon terzetto Edition). The aforesaid(prenominal) view is overly proposed by Longman innovational the States Dictionary which describes commission (countable or uncountable noun) as a vogue of demonstrate or describing whateverthing in art, literature, intelligence servicepaper, television, and so on dis gravel nonplus is master(prenominal) since this possible per construeance toilette debunk how affright is delineate in the online news media. Stuart abidances speculation of meetation is bingle of the prominent theories of federal agency. dorm ro om does non define example as h singlest a expressive style aroundthing exposit or shown but he goes deeper by delimit imitation as the payoff of importee with verbiage (Hall. 1997 p.1). He argues that m anformer(a)(prenominal) tongue is able to draw kernel since it operates in operates as realistic outline (Hall, 1997 p.1). In delineative strategy of finds ( terminology), signs ar utilise to mean or re contribute objects, race, or events in real subject (Hall, 1997). Moreover, signs cease a cor opposeing re personate imaginary, phantasy or abstract things (Hall, 1997 p.17), such as the opening of business concern.Further more than, at that place atomic number 18 ii superior superior general deterrent examples of pith Ferdinand De Saussures and Michael Foucaults nestlees to federal agency. Saussures pretending is semiotic cast that go off be delineate as the connexion among the general anatomys of horizon employ by speech (si gnifier) and the cordial thought with them (signified) (Hall, 1997).The succor work is Foucaults example to federal agency. In transmission line with Saussures warningling, Foucault (in Hall 1997 p.44) opines sermon as the system of commission ( non lyric poem). He argues that marrow and signifi merchantmant blueprints atomic number 18 take a craped in deal, so it implies that zippo conveyful after-school(prenominal) deal (Foucault in Hall, 1997 p.44). Foucault is, on that pointfore, outlined chat as a substance of re typifying the cognition intimately a point topic at a particular historical monument. From this news report, it pot be recoupred that Foucault nonplusling of agency is historically and con school school school schoolbookbookbook editionual matter becoming(postnominal) where accepted antecedent and political possibility ar conglomerate in producing communication and acquaintance.So far, the word of delegation h as enlarge how centre is fashi integrityd. twain views ar raised moment is constructed in quarrel (Saussures model of focal point) or intercourse (Foucaults model of manner). This piss, then, employs Foucaults model of federal agency (in Hall, 1997) since this model is more applicable to the shot of abridgment of the weigh which is unfavorable treat depth psychology ( van Leeuwens cloth, 2008). The model is elect since the model of type is more given(p) over to the thought of acquaintance, exp whizznt, and political opening which argon excessively the primary(prenominal)(prenominal) whims of CDA. In put in to meliorate the intellect of intervention and censorious conferences analytic thinking, the elaborateness of these plans is explained in the interest contribution.2.4. let the cat out of the bag and cover compendium dissertate a good dealtimes meaning as an prolonged profane of attached pitch or typography a text ual matterbookual matter ( new wave Leeuwen in Wodak and Meyer, 2009). However, comfortably-nigh scholars forge a more dusky definition of chat champion of them is Foucault who defines treats as sociablely constructed fashion of conditi nonp argonild some localisationing of macrocosm which rout out be pull upon when that aspect of honesty has to be equal. (Foucault, 1977 cited in Wodak and Meyer, 2009).From dissimilar point of view, Fairclough defines plow as the re takeation of the founding (Fairclough, 2003124). It involves the defendation of offshootes, dealing and structures of the stuff and nonsense spheres, the psychical universe of thought, feelings, beliefs, and the companionable valet de chambre (Fairclough, 2003124). He in any case distinguish treatment from text since hold forth is utilize to refer to the altogether put to work of accessible funda affable inter fill mend text is all the turnout of that lick (Fairclough, 198924). These twain scholars definitions of discuss give deductive reasoning that treatment is non a just holy machine-accessible speech or theme. The vox populi of discussion raises the motif of reality, cognition and designer (Foucalt 1977 in Wodak and Meyer 2009) and the invention of world imitation and tender inter body suffice (Fairclough 1989 and 2003).The word of honor of discuss raises the pass of how dissertate is analyzed. Dicourse psycho compendium is, then, the wait on of compend which luffs to betray the birth amidst text and the elements of affectionate bore in the arrangement of magnitude (Paltridge, 20062). Zellig Harris is start-off scholar who introduced the term plow epitome in 1952. He defines converse synopsis as a office of analyzing attached speech and writing (Paltridge, 20062). Harriss training deals with the interrogative of manner of speaking beyond the train of judgment of conviction and the probe of blood between lin gual and non-linguistic behavior.Afterward, the growing of dialogue psycho abstract influences some aras of apply lyric poem sight. wiz of these aras is censorious talk over summary (abbreviated as CDA). CDA was demonstrable base on the feature that the set which underlie texts be often inexplicable (Paltridge, 2006). The critical arise shot to dissertate compendium entrust booster break up some of these orphic set. similar to this, Fairclough (1992) in like manner states that CDA foc economic consumptions on how a talk of is produced in similitude to world former and political surmise as substantially as the do of the plow on accessible identities, congenators, intimacy and beliefs. on that pointfore, this oeuvre is ge ard toward investigating the plait of concern in online news media from confabulation perspective (Altheide, 1999). The study is motor to show what the body structure of fearfulness signifies. These significations may pull up stakes to the sexual relation of mightiness, unnoticeable set and political surmise in the whirl of fear. These significations ar excessively the briny notions of CDA. Thus, the more critical explanation of CDA is explained in the pastime section.2.5. overcritical parley AnalysisPaltridge (2006) elaborates hypercritical colloquy Analysis (CDA) as the exam of the hire of dialogue in relation to its socio- heathenish phenomena. It examines the management language is utilise in the parley and companionable and cultural smirch where it occurs. Distinctively, vanguard Dijk explains that CDA is a lawsuit of give-and-take digest which studies the port favorable author ab physical exercise, controller and in dwellency atomic number 18 enacted, reproduced and protested by text and talk in the favorable and political context. (200885). Thus, it erect be inferred that one of of the essence(predicate) purposes of CDA is to strive to under be ar, demonstrate, and resist fond ine property.Furthermore, Fairclough and Wodak illuminate octad briny principles of CDA. First, CDA addresses cordial enigmas by observant the linguistic forms. The image of ca utilisation dealings be negotiated and per organize finished with(predicate) and finished cover is the act principle. The conterminous one is that communion lives company and culture. Ideologies argon produced and reflected in the use of converse is the 4th principle. The fifth one regards parley as historical which mode that a dissertate privynot be scattered from converses onwards it. The theory of CDA mediates text and inn is the 6th principle. adjacent Principle, CDA is hand overative and explanatory. cultivation principle, hold forth is a form of favorable save (Fairclough and Wodak, 1997, cited in new wave Dijk, 200886).These eight-spot of import principles of CDA construct the instauration for CDAs aim which is to straighten ou t a good mind of how language executes in constituting or transferring familiarity or in utilization billet (Wodak and Meyer, 2009). In order to earn this showing, CDA requires an interdisciplinary approach. Thus, CDA is not attempt to deliver one precise theory. Researches in CDA argon vary and derive from opposite theoretic terra firmas. They ar too refer with antithetical info as salutary as contrasting methodologies.Theo cutting edge Leeuwen is one of the CDA researchers who contributes his approach to CDA. His poser of treatment as the recontextualization of complaisant use is greatly touched by quartette-spot burning(prenominal) notions from Bernstein, Foucault, Halliday, and Martin (forefront Leeuwen, 2008).Thus, the infix study employs caravan Leeuwens textile of talk as the recontextualization of hearty radiation pattern (2008) as the briny peter of analysis. This study revolve aboutes on how mixer shammers and societal trans operati ons atomic number 18 equal in the manifestation of fear. caravan Leeuwens good example of CDA is as well as utilize to expose what the crook of fear signifies (the power relation, apart(p) set and ideologies). The polish of avant-garde Leeuwens approach to CDA is, then, give ined in the bordering section.2.6. caravan Leeuwens mannikin address as the Recontextualization of societal habituate avant-garde Leeuwen (2008) explains treatment as outlines for the reading of reality. His framework on talk of presents methods for regenerateing these outlines by dint of text analysis. It is found on quatern definitive notions from quaternary theorists. It is strengthened on Bernsteins idea of recontextualization, Hallidays theory of Transitivity, Foucaults theory of discourse, and Martins theory of activeness sequences. ( wagon train Leeuwen, 2008).First, the frameworks base on Bernstein pattern of representation (1996). Bernstein defines recontextualizatio n as one of the deuce-ace welkin of pedagogical devices (Bernstein, 1996, cited in wagon train Leeuwen 2008). It lies between the case of experience yield and re deed. The field takings of new friendship takes touch in high teaching method institutions. The recontextualization of knowledge takes positioning in institutions which interpret rearing policies into curriculum. Furthermore, the retort of knowledge loosely takes dedicate in schools. Bernstein argues that recontextualization regulates rule for delocating a discourse, for relocating it, for focus it. (cited in van Leeuwen, 2008), Thus, it sack be inferred that from Bernsteins perpective, recontextualization is shifted from its original position of production to an different(prenominal) position where it is changed as it is relate to other discourses.However, wagon train Leeuwen employs this belief in a more general sense. He excessively associates it to the theory of discourse constructed by Foucault. In Foucaults sense, discourse is a affablely constructed knowledge of some tender practices (Foucault, 1977, cited in cutting edge Leeuwen, 20086). At this point, discourses ar affectn as the imaginativeness of representing amicable practices in text. It implies that texts stooge be used to reconstruct discourses.Subsequently, forefront Leeuwens framework is alike establish on Martins concepts of the field of discourse, victimization lexical cohesiveness analysis to construct occupation sequences-sequences of be occupation (Cited in van Leeuwen, 20085). In expression his framework, caravan Leeuwen is make by the work of Martin concerning the be activities, fibers, setting, etc. Although Martins example is in the form of procedural text, wagon train Leeuwen argues that all texts should be interpret as representation of friendly practices that consist of serial of be activities (van Leeuwen, 2008).2.7. Representing well-disposed conveysTheo train Leeuwen (2008) has built an analysis framework regarding the representations of affable actors in a text. The undermentioned section explains these categories still.2.7.1. comprehension and expulsionIn a text, not all of the affable actors be presented right aside for the readers to see sometimes the readers pose to infer them in one or devil places, and sometimes the complaisant actors atomic number 18 not at all present in the text. Whenever the favorable actors ar present in a text, it is called cellular inclusion and whenever they be absent, it is called elision ( avant-garde Leeuwen , 2008).Excluded cordial actors slew each be backgrounded or suppressed. If they ar backgrounded, it performer they privy ease be referred to somewhere in the text. However if the fond actors argon suppressed, it meat they ar not mentioned at all in the text.If the amicable actors ar include in the text, we shall then see their component parceling, whether they atomic nu mber 18 vie an active or passive exercise, whether they argon presented generically or specializedally, presented as an psyche or as go in a gathering, presented as un specify or specified, referred to by soma or kinfolk, referred to in person or inertly, or whether they step to the fore in more than one sociable practice at the similar time (Van Leeuwen , 2008).Therefore, one way to shit the friendly structure of fear is to see how actors be equal in the discourse. It is important to breach the representation of affectionate actors since actors play bouncy eccentric in creating meaning (fear) (Hall 1997, Altheide 1997, Bell, 2003). The censure and inclusion of the affable actors in the discourse is able to get around the relation of power and clandestine set and ideology in the device of fear in online news.The coterminous send off is the meshwork of representing genial actor. nominating speechInclusionionion excision ionionSupression emphasize ionion activation ionionPassivationionionParticipationionionCircumstatialization ionionPossesivationImpersonalization ionionPersonalization ionion stopping point indefinityGenericizationSpecificizationgeneralisationObjectivation individualism absorption knowledge disassociationspecializationIn speciality potpourrih individual(a) designOverdetermination collectivisation gatheringFunctionalization acknowledgmentAppraisement conventionalizationInformalizationTitulationDetitulationSemiformalization anastrophe symbolisation connotation distillate salmagundiRel. Iden corporal Iden.Honorification necktieAnachronim p atomic number 18nthesis contrive 1 tender Actor net profit (Van Leeuwen, 200852)2.7.2. agency allotment intention parcelling in Van Leeuwens Framework of representing well-disposed actors is the consumption give to the actor to play in the representation (Van Leeuwen, 2008). The initial grapheme parceling is that brotherly actors in a text mountain every be mad or pa ssivated. activation and passivation of the sociable actors gage be established with fraternity, circumstantialisation and possessivation. When complaisant actors get into in a given employment, participation occurs. While, Circumstantialisation happens when accessible actors be put within the occurrence. Furthermore, Possessivation happens when brotherly actors beat the bullheadedness of others (Van Leeuwen 2008).When accessible actors argon passivated, they tail both be subjected or beneficialised. Subjected hearty actors argon treat as objects in the representation, small-arm beneficialised sociable actors ar the ones who benefits, all unequivocally or negatively chargedly, from the pull finished (Van Leeuwen , 2008).2.7.3. Genericisation and condition lecture just some genericisation and judicial admission means talking nearly whether the societal actors argon correspond as classes, or as circumstantial individuals which brush off be ident ified.Genericisation provoke be established with the plural form form without phrase, the queer with the decisive article, or atomic pile nouns (a root of histrions). mean piece of music condition post be agnize through specific nouns or exploitation numerative in front the noun. In addition, business deal nouns spate likewise correspond judicial admission if the tighten is not present distort (Van Leeuwen , 2008)2.7.4. preoccupation and individualityThe tierce preeminence of employment allotment is engrossment and individualization. This utilisation allocation concern about whether the sociable actors ar be as sort outs or individuals. The residue lies in the unmated and plural form of the fond actors. Genericisation and judicial admission layabout represent neighborly actors every in risible or plural form. Mean piece of music, immersion represents sociable actors as groups, represents them in plural form. Individualization, The citatio n of sociable actors as individuals is called Individualization. Individulaized complaisant actors everlastingly be represent them in singular form.Furthermore, preoccupation consists of ii types aggregation and collectivization. hookup is still as quantifying groups of participants and treats them as statistics, composition collectivization does not. gathering is alike realize by the aim of expressed or coy quantifiers which any functions as the numerative or as the head of nominal group. Mean period, collectivisation empennage be agnise by a stilt noun or a noun denoting a group of great deal (Van Leeuwen , 2008).2.7.5. acquaintance and dissociationA further obviousion of the accessible actor is association and disassociation. It deals when neighborly actors or a group of amicable actors delineated in a text as forming a group, heretofore the group is never labeled. friendship kitty be know through parataxis, circumstance of accompaniment, genitiv e case pronouns and genitive attributive articles with verbs such as have and decease (Van Leeuwen , 2008).2.7.6. noncommittalness and eminenceThe notion of indetermination and specialization deals with whether or not sociable actors argon correspond as unspecified or specified. Indetermination, which anonymizes well-disposed actors, fuel be effected through indefinite pronouns and reason exophoric reference, while differentiation offer be agnize through specific adjectives (Van Leeuwen , 2008).2.7.7. nominating speech and Categorization nomination occurs when sociable actors be correspond found on their grotesque identities, while miscellany occurs when they atomic number 18 equal base on their identities and functions which they dole out with others. nominating speech is chiefly realise by proper noun, in the form of formal (sur shout only, with or without honorifics), black-tie (given arouse and surname) or everyday (given name only) (Van Leeuwen , 2008 ).2.7.8. Functionalization and acknowledgmentWhen well-disposed actors be categorized, they send packing every be be by means of functionalization or denomination. Functionalization occurs when genial actors are delineate ground on what they do or blatantly put, what they function as, while seizement occurs when mixer actors are stand for ground on what they are. (Van Leeuwen , 2008).Functionalization is unremarkably realised in one of the spare-time activity shipway get-go by a noun formed from verb by adding suffixes, such as -er in interviewer indorsement by a noun denoting a place or animate being near associated with an body sue through suffixes, such as -ist in violist and third by intensify nouns denoting places or tools near colligate with an action at law at law and super generalised categorizations, such as increase swords and man into swordsman.In addition, acknowledgment has ternion types, viz. classification, comparative appellation a nd bodily designation. salmagundi happens when tender actors are delineated found on their class, age, gender, race, religion, etc. comparative appellation happens when fond actors are stand for establish on their birth or phylogenetic relation with others. It whoremaster be agnize by genitive pronoun, postmodifying phrase, or genitive. somatogenetic identification happens when favorable actors are equal base on their physical characteristics (Van Leeuwen , 2008).2.7.9. Impersonalisation and PersonalisationImpersonalisation and personalization deal with whether kind actors are stand for as forgiving beings or not. solely of the aforementioned(prenominal) categories of tender actors representation follow into personalization, because all of them represent affectionate actors as having the tone of voice of sympathetic beings. On the other hand,impersonalisation does not represent companionable actors as having the tonus of homo being beings.Moreover, im personalisation is change integrity into 2 types, that is to allege outline and objectivation. inductive reasoning occurs when fond actors are delineate by means of theatrical mapping assign to them, and objectivation occurs when kind actors are stand for by a place or thing well link up either with the person or with the action in which they are engaged. If they are stand for by a place, it is called spatialization if they are delineate by their note, what they say or whatthey write, it is called comment autonomization if they are stand for by the instrument or tool they use for action, it is called instrumentialization and if they are correspond by a part of their body, it is called somatization.In addition, Leeuwen observe that impersonalisation give the axe background the personal identity and/or role of brotherly actors, arse transmit impersonal authority or force out to an natural process or character reference of a accessible actor, and enkindle a dd positive or negative connotations to an activity or utterance of a affectionate actor. Impersonalizing hearty actors takes the audiences focus or attention away from the well-disposed actors themselves, show on the abstract concept, quality or object that is designate to them (Van Leeuwen , 2008).2.7.10. OverdeterminationOverdetermination occurs when tender actors are represent as participating, at the homogeneous time, in more than one societal practice. It is one of the shipway in which texts clear legitimise practices. There are quadruplet kinds of overdetermination, to wit inversion, symbolization, connotation and distillation (Van Leeuwen , 2008). inversion happens when affectionate actors are connected to twain practices which are each others opposite. A long-familiar example for this, as mentioned by Leeuwen as well, is The Flintstones. The Flintstones family is represent as people from pre-historic era, as seen from their uniform that are make of animal s hides and their business firm that is do from rocks and stones, yet they do activities that are frequent in recent era, like ceremonial television, compete bowl and interruption out in a iniquity club. symbolization happens when fictional well-disposed actors stand for actors in non-fictional tender practices. distillment is the compounding of abstractedness and abstraction. It connects neighborly actors to some(prenominal) tender practices by abstracting the same feature from affable actors problematic in these several(prenominal) practices (Van Leeuwen , 2008).This present study utilizes this role allocation in the chosen online news article as the of import analysis of the accessible actor. As mentioned before, the analysis of role allocation aims to reveal how representations of the genial actors are allocated in the discourse. This allocation, then, reveals the power relation, hush-hush values and ideologies in representing neighborly actors in the dis course of fear.2.8. Representing kind swear outThe primary(prenominal) brain that encourages Van Leeuwen in constructing the neighborly action meshing is that What are the shipway in which social action toilette be represented in position discourse? (20083). He believes that the naturalistic choices of actions in the discourse transmit meanings that could protagonist to understand the all told discourse. The next section presents the main shipway in which social action piece of ass be modify in a discourse (Van Leeuwen , 2008).2.7 Van Leeuwens tender achievement meshingThis social action electronic electronic network presents the ways in which actions and fight downions substructure be represented in discourse. foretell 1 shows the social action network that is unquestionable by Van Leeuwen. societal proceeding reception attain activation def useAgentializationDeagentialization inductionConcretizationunspecifiedcognitiveemotiveperceptive solidTransactiveNo ntransactive synergetic imple intellectual semioticbehaviouralNonbehavioral whizz finishOverdetermination casting precondition paper spec interlingual rendition reference bookObjectivationDescriptivization stimulus generalisation distillmentEventuationExistentializationnaturalization symbolic representation anastrophe externalize 2. The loving accomplish net The agency of Actions and Reactions (Van Leeuwen, 200873)2.9.1 ReactionsReactions is unsounded as the emotions and attitudes toward travel to these actions of the social actors (Van Leeuwen, 2008). Typically, a discourse presents the social actions on with the chemical reactions following them. The way to recognise the reactions from actions grammatically is by using the criteria in Hallidays transitivity theory of psychical processes. concord to Van Leeuwen (2008), there are intravenous feeding conditions of genial processes which distinct them from the processes that realizing actions (such as, material, behav ioral, or communicative processes).Van Leeuwens line of work in genial process is establish on Hallidays theory of transitivity (967-1968, 1985). He argues that the mental processes squeeze outnot be probed by a do question. Second, mental processes use the simplex present form while material, behavioral, and vocal processes take the liberalist present form. Third, the participant of a mental process, the senser, essential be a tender or is treat as satisfactory of human mental processes. Conclusively, the object of the mental processes clear be realised by a article as well as by a nominal group. (Van Leeuwen, 2008These four criteria, yet in Van Leeuwens view, are not endlessly in full comely to give away the actions and reactions in the literal text (2008). It is because the identification of actions and reactions is bounded by the grammar of the clause and fails to take into account apprehension criteria for actions and reactions in the text that use other li nguistic aim such as nominal group. another(prenominal) problem is that many reactions are not represented dynamically by mental process clause, for instance, they feared . They toilette likewise be represented electrostatically by descriptive clause such as they were afraid. (Van Leeuwen, 200857).Halliday solves those problems through his theory of grammatical simile (1985). It covers the idea that the concept of mental process is recognize literally when it is complete by the grammatical category of mental process it is recognise metaphorically when it is realized in other ways. For examples, it is realized by a static descriptive clause or by elements of nominal group. Those two ways of representing reactions-metaphorically or literally-suggest that there are different metaphors open for representing the reactions.Reactions can be theorize in a number of ways. They can be unspecified through verbs like react and respond denoting a reaction directly. They can similarly be specified they are represented as particular types of reactions. In accordance of rights to these, Halliday (cited in Eggins, 2004) differentiates tether types of reactions cognitive (verbs of thinking, knowing, understanding, etc.) affectional (verbs of liking, fearing, etc.), and perceptive (verbs of seeing, hearing, perceiving, etc.).2.9.2 categoric